Bash

配置
- .inputrc
- .bashrc - 交互 shell
- .profile, .bash_profile - 登陆 shell
参考

# empty shell
env -i bash

# empty env
env -i HOME="$HOME" bash -c 'env'

# login shell
time env -i HOME="$HOME" LOG4BASH_LOG_LEVE=DEBUG /usr/local/bin/bash -l -c 'env'

flag	for
-c COMMAND	command string
-i	interactive
-l	login shell
-r	restricted
-s	stdin

# 传递 flag 给 stdin 脚本
curl http://sh | bash -s -- -flag

语法

[ = test
[[ - shell 内置语法 - 速度更快一点点
- 支持 &&, || 语法
{} - 展开
- ${var}
- ${var:=default}
- ${var/find/replace}
- ${var%remove}
- {000..2} - 序列展开
- {000..2..2} - 带 step 参数
- echo x{,A,B,C} - 组合展开
- { echo 1; echo 2; } - 命令序列
(()) - 算术操作
() - subshell, array

# for 循环
# ===========
# bash 语法
for ((i = 0; i < 3; i++)); do echo $i; done
# bash 展开序列
for i in {0..2}; do echo $i; done
# 使用 seq 生成序列 - ash 支持
for i in $(seq 0 2); do echo $i; done
for i in $(seq 0 $((3 - 1))); do echo $i; done

set

| set | set -o | | --- | ----------- | -------------------------------------- | | a | allexport | export 所有变量 | | E | errtrace | 继承 ERR trap | | e | errexit | 命令失败(返回非 0)则退出脚本 | | u | nounset | 要求变量 unset | | x | xtrace | trace - 回显执行的内容, 输出前缀为 PS4 | | B | braceexpand | 展开 { | | T | functrace | | h | hashall | | H | histexpand | | | pipefail | pipe 失败也退出 | | | posix | Bash 符合 POSIX 标准 | | t | onecmd | 执行一条命令后便退出 | | v | verbose |

# 推荐
set -Eeuo pipefail

trap ERR 可处理 -e 退出
set

shopt

Bash 扩展选项

shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname …]

shopt -s extglob # 开启
shopt -u extglob # 关闭
shopt -q extglob # 使用 exit code 表示是否开启
shopt extglob    # 当前状态
shopt            # 全部状态
shopt -o nolog   # 限定内置 set 支持选项而非扩展选项

# 所有 on 的选项
shopt | grep "on$" | grep -o '^\S\+'
# 推荐
shopt -s autocd cdspell extglob globstar

# 默认开启选项
shopt -s checkwinsize cmdhist expand_aliases extquote force_fignore hostcomplete interactive_comments progcomp promptvars sourcepath

globstar - ** 会匹配当前而不只是子目录
```
# 会匹配 Makefile
ls **/Makefile
```

extglob - 扩展 glob 语法

[?*+@!](pattern-list)
- ! 排除
- @ 匹配 1 个
Pattern Matching

# 复制 scripts 下的 Makefile 到所有其他 Makefile
ls !(scripts)/**/Makefile | xargs -n 1 cp scripts/stub/Makefile

nocaseglob - glob 大小写不敏感
histappend - 追加到历史文件而不是重写

cdspell - 使用 cd 时自动校正书写

cd ignorad # 会 cd 到存在的 ignored 目录 - a -> e

autocd - 输入目录自动切换到目录
failglob - glob 匹配不到文件时出错而非直接输出相同字符

环境变量

env	default	description
EPOCHSECONDS
EPOCHREALTIME
BASH_ARGV0

echo $EPOCHSECONDS

.inputrc

C-x C-r is bound to re-read-init-file.

https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Readline-Init-File.html

https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Miscellaneous-Commands

# Make Tab autocomplete regardless of filename case
set completion-ignore-case on

# List all matches in case multiple possible completions are possible
set show-all-if-ambiguous on

# Immediately add a trailing slash when autocompleting symlinks to directories
set mark-symlinked-directories on

# Use the text that has already been typed as the prefix for searching through
# commands (i.e. more intelligent Up/Down behavior)
"\eOA": history-search-backward
"\e[A": history-search-backward
"\eOB": history-search-forward
"\e[B": history-search-forward

FAQ

Prefix/Suffix

# 去除前缀和后缀
x="/foo/fizzbuzz.bar"
y=${x%.bar}
echo ${y##*/}
#> fizzbuzz

# 去除后缀
x="/foo/fizzbuzz.bar.quux"
y=${x%.*}
echo $y
#> /foo/fizzbuzz.bar
y=${x%%.*}
echo $y
#> /foo/fizzbuzz

# 去除前缀
x=/foo/bar/bim/baz/file.gif
y=${path##*/}
echo $y
#> file.gif

替换

a=abc/da
# zbc/da
echo ${a/a/z}
# // 是所有
# zbc/dz
echo ${a//a/z}
# 转意
# abczda
echo ${a//\//z}

Parallels

# do it once
seq 1 | parallel -n0 "curl -H 'Content-Type: application/json' http://httpbin.org/post -X POST -d '{\"url\":\"http://google.com/\"}'"

# do it twice
seq 2 | parallel -n0 "curl -H 'Content-Type: application/json' http://httpbin.org/post -X POST -d '{\"url\":\"http://google.com/\"}'"

# do it 4 times, but at 2 a time
seq 4 | parallel -n0 -j2 "curl -H 'Content-Type: application/json' http://httpbin.org/post -X POST -d '{\"url\":\"http://google.com/\"}'"

# you can also put all your commands into a file
echo "ls\nls" > somefile
cat somefile | parallel

# finally, just straight command line parameters
parallel echo ::: a b c

# by default, it runs as many jobs in parallel as there are cores in your computer

# if you try and set more jobs than there are cores, they will be concurrent, but
# they will only ever be parallel up to your core count

# for httpie use the --ignore-stdin flag, or else it gets mixed up
seq 1 | parallel -n0 "http --ignore-stdin POST http://httpbin.org/post url=http://google.com/"

Base N

# Encode base62
BASE62=($(echo {0..9} {a..z} {A..Z}))
for i in $(bc <<< "obase=62; 9207903953"); do
    echo -n ${BASE62[$(( 10#$i ))]}
done && echo
# Decode base62
base62_decode() { echo $((62#$1)) }

SSH

# download: remote -> local
# local_file 可以为目录用 -r 递归
scp user@remote_host:remote_file local_file
# upload: local -> remote
scp local_file user@remote_host:remote_file

# To Forward sshtalk.in:8080 -> Cort.local:4567, you can do
local="Cort.local:4567" # or "localhost:4567"
remot="*:8080"          # "*" for all interfaces (default is loopback)

ssh -R ${remote}:${local} sshtalk.in

# To forward localhost:1234 -> private-host:443, through public-host you can do
local="localhost:1234"   # or just "1234" default is localhost
remot="private-host:443" # "*" for all interfaces (default is loopback)

ssh -L ${local}:${remote} public-host

# 须在在Server端允许转发
# 在 /etc/ssh/sshd_config 中添加
# GatewayPorts yes
# 然后重启
sudo service sshd restart

# scp to 多台
for dest in $(< destfile.txt); do
  scp ourfile.txt ${dest}:remote/path/
done

# 在不用 scp 的情况下 拷贝到多台
cat file.txt | tee \
  >(ssh [email protected] "cat > file.txt") \
  >(ssh [email protected] "cat > file.txt")

tar cz file1 file2 file3 | tee \
  >(ssh [email protected] "tar xz") \
  >(...)

xargs

xargs example

case

case $space in
  [1-6]*)
    Message="All is quiet."
    ;;
  [7-8]*)
    Message="Start thinking about cleaning out some stuff.  There's a partition that is $space % full."
    ;;
  9[1-8])
    Message="Better hurry with that new disk...  One partition is $space % full."
    ;;
  99)
    Message="I'm drowning here!  There's a partition at $space %!"
    ;;
  *)
    Message="I seem to be running with an nonexistent amount of disk space..."
    ;;
esac

使用变量名字访问变量

Shell Parameter Expansion

a=PATH
echo ${!a}

dotenv

env $(cat .env | xargs) sh -c 'echo $MY_ENV'

heredoc

cat << EOF
PWD=$PWD
EOF
# 转义
cat << "EOF"
PWD=$PWD
EOF
# 移除缩进 - 需要 tab
cat <<- EOF
	PWD=$PWD
	EOF

sub shell

https://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/subshells.html

(echo 1)

# 会输出 1 2 3 4
bash << SH &
echo 1
echo 2 && (echo 3; exit 1;)
echo 4
SH

tcp redir

echo <> /dev/tcp/wener.me/80
# 0 - 连通
echo $?

echo <> /dev/tcp/localhost/80
# 1
echo $?

git branch

curl -Lo ~/.git-prompt.sh https://github.com/git/git/raw/master/contrib/completion/git-prompt.sh
source ~/.git-prompt.sh

__git_ps1 '%s'

export PS1='\[\e[32m\]\u@\h \[\e[01;33m\]\w $(__git_ps1 " (%s)") \[\e[34m\][\t] \[\e[0m\]\n$ '

https://github.com/git/git/blob/master/contrib/completion/git-prompt.sh

Bash

语法​

set​

shopt​

环境变量​

.inputrc​

FAQ​

Prefix/Suffix​

替换​

Parallels​

Base N​

SSH​

xargs​

case​

使用变量名字访问变量​

dotenv​

heredoc​

sub shell​

tcp redir​

git branch​

语法

set